Sixty-four years after an experiment on children in an Iowa orphanage, the participants have sued a university for lifelong psychological problems. Back in 1939, in an effort to understand the mystery of stuttering, a renowned researcher, Wendell Johnson, subjected 11 children to belittlement over every imperfection in their speech and repeatedly told them that they were stutters. He wanted to test whether stuttering arose from psychological pressure. Children in another test group received positive speech therapy.
None of the children became stutterers but some now claim that they were traumatised by the six months of research in 1939. Their lawsuit also accuses the researchers and the University of Iowa of hiding their findings, lying about the experiment to the orphanage and doing nothing to reverse the damage. The university claims that it is immune from such lawsuits.
Whatever the facts of the case, all observers now agree that it was highly unethical of Johnson to exploit orphans in the cause of science. American ethicist Arthur Caplan, of the University of Pennsylvania says that 60 years ago ethical rules did not exist and experiments were done on minorities, disabled children and prisoners "because you didn't think of them as morally equivalent to others". The most famous example of scientific exploitation in the US took place between 1932 to 1972, when the Federal government allowed poor black men with syphilis to go untreated. It was only in 1974 that the US Congress passed a law requiring informed consent for federally- funded experiments. ~ AP, Aug 5
IN BRIEF: UK IVF first ~ Czech embryo research ~ ethical rape
A UK IVF clinic says that it has successfully brought about 10 pregnancies since February with a new embryo screening technique which could eliminate Down's syndrome children and help older women to have successful pregnancies by eliminating defective embryos. Dr Mohamed Taranissi, of the Assisted Gynaecology and Reproduction Centre in London, made the announcement after another clinic claimed in June that it had been the first in the UK to create a baby after aneuploidy screening. ~ Guardian, Aug 6
Czech scientists have derived three human embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines from "spare" IVF embryos. The Czech Republic is the first of the Eastern European nations which are about to join the European Union to move into this controversial area. This places more pressure on the EU to decide whether to fund ESC research. ~ Nature, Aug 7
Two Scottish academics have described an English woman's use of sperm from her deceased husband to father two sons as "something like" rape. Diane Blood won sympathy and headlines around the world for her legal battle to use her husband's sperm even though he had not consented to the procedure (see ABI, Feb 28). However, Professor Kim Swales and Dr Hugh McLachlan have argued in the journal Human Reproduction and Genetic Ethics that "people should be granted a say in what happens to parts of... their bodies when [they] are used for the production of their biological offspring." ~ Scotland on Sunday, Jul 27