Australasian Bioethics Information

Friday, 8 August 2003 · No. 87         ISSN 1446-2117
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BIOETHICS: Trounson cools on "therapeutic" cloning
   

IN THIS WEEK'S NEWSLETTER

  • Trounson cools on "therapeutic" cloning
  • First cloned horse born in Italy
  • Women "to blame" for infertility
  • Home-delivered sperm in the Netherlands
  • Chinese IVF mushrooming
  • Victims of stuttering experiment sue US uni
  • IN BRIEF: we got there first ~ Czech embryo research ~ ethical rape

    Trounson cools on "therapeutic" cloning Professor Alan Trounson

    Australia's most prominent lobbyist for "therapeutic" cloning, Professor Alan Trounson, is now giving it only lukewarm support. "I wouldn't go to the wall on it," when the issue is debated again, he told a public lecture in Hobart this week. Last year the Federal Government authorised research on frozen "surplus" IVF embryos but settled on a three-year moratorium on therapeutic cloning.

    Professor Trounson said that cloning human embryos had potential for curing diseases but was "inefficient" and would need too many human eggs. Furthermore, it necessarily involved the destruction of embryos and "that disturbs some people". He believes that the way ahead is "induction of tolerance" -- or tricking the body into accepting transplants of cells derived from human embryonic stem cells with a different genetic make-up.

    Last year's long and vigorous public debate appears to have wearied the point man for the embryo research team. It was hard enough to get access to frozen embryos, he indicated, without continuing to do battle for an inefficient technology.

    This week he resigned as CEO of the National Stem Cell Centre, a government-funded project which he cobbled together despite vigorous opposition to devote more time to his research at Monash University. He remains on the Centre's board as executive vice-chairman. The Australian revealed this week that there have been disputes over funding amongst the Centre's participants. It claimed that the Federal government had suspended part of the $44 million grant which was allocated to set up the Centre last year. ~ Australian, Aug 6; ABI staff  

    First cloned horse born in Italy Prometea

    Italian scientists have successfully cloned a horse for the first time. Prometea, a healthy female foal, was born to her genetically identical mother in May. The Laboratory of Reproductive Technology in Cremona created the clone by fusing the nucleus of a skin cell from the mare with an empty egg from a horse slaughtered in an abattoir. However, as in other cloning experiments, the single success came after many false starts. Of 841 embryos, only 22 developed to the blastocyst stage and only 4 led to pregnancies. Of these, Prometea was the only survivor.

    The cloning team says that the procedure could improve good breeds and might make it possible to breed from champion geldings. Anticipating criticism over its work, it chose a name which evokes Prometheus, the Greek god who defied Heaven by stealing fire to give it to men. Scientists have now cloned sheep, mules, pigs, rabbits, cats, goats, mice and cattle. ~ New Scientist, Aug 3  

    Women "to blame" for infertility The world's first IVF baby, Louise Brown, at birth

    Most infertility is due to women having multiple sex partners and marrying late, says a prominent British fertility specialist. Professor Gedis Grudzinskas, the director of the Bridge Centre, a private clinic, says that "society needs to be confronted with the fact that infertility is preventable... If women make different life choices, they should be aware of the consequences."

    Women's fertility actually begins to decline in their late 20s, not their early 30s. Compounding the problem is the recent discovery that male fertility also declines with age. However, women are waiting longer and longer to begin their families. In Scotland, for the first time last year, more women in their early 30s had babies than women in their late 20s.

    Sexually transmitted disease also damages female fertility. The greatest threat is chlamydia, the most common STI in the Western world, affecting 10% of sexually active young women. It causes more than 50% of pelvic inflammatory disease and a third of tubal infertility. ~ Sunday Herald (UK), Aug 3  

    Home-delivered sperm in the Netherlands Expanding the home-delivery market

    Another home-delivery sperm donor service for lesbians is opening in the Netherlands. Launched by an Australian-born entrepreneur, John Michaels, Baby Donors International promises that it can provide fresh and frozen sperm from a company catalogue within an hour, as well as eggs and home insemination kits. "It's an alternative to women going to a bar and picking up a guy, putting an ad in the paper or asking a friend," explains Mr Michael.

    Another sperm donor service aimed at lesbians, Man Not Included, opened in the Netherlands earlier this year. The Dutch authorities are sceptical about this latest venture and advise caution. Untested gametes could carry disease or could be infertile. However, Mr Michaels insists that his operation is legal and is already talking up franchise operations in Australia, Britain, France, Italy and Japan. ~ Guardian, Aug 6; Age, Aug 7  

    Chinese IVF mushrooming

    Despite China's notorious one-child policy, nearly 500 fertility clinics have opened in the past few years, the Wall Street Journal reports. Between 1997 and 2001, the number of couples treated in IVF clinics for fertility problems rose from about 1,300 to nearly 12,000 in 2001. The Chinese government is said to frown on fertility treatment, but a growing economy means that more couples have the financial means to take advantage of expensive fertility treatments. Some government officials are concerned that healthy couples are using the clinics to circumvent the one-child policy by having twins or triplets or to select the gender of their child, which is illegal. The Ministry of Health plans to review all IVF clinics, license some and close the others down. ~ kaisernetwork.org, Aug 6  

    Victims of stuttering experiment sue American uni Wendell Johnson

    Sixty-four years after an experiment on children in an Iowa orphanage, the participants have sued a university for lifelong psychological problems. Back in 1939, in an effort to understand the mystery of stuttering, a renowned researcher, Wendell Johnson, subjected 11 children to belittlement over every imperfection in their speech and repeatedly told them that they were stutters. He wanted to test whether stuttering arose from psychological pressure. Children in another test group received positive speech therapy.

    None of the children became stutterers but some now claim that they were traumatised by the six months of research in 1939. Their lawsuit also accuses the researchers and the University of Iowa of hiding their findings, lying about the experiment to the orphanage and doing nothing to reverse the damage. The university claims that it is immune from such lawsuits.

    Whatever the facts of the case, all observers now agree that it was highly unethical of Johnson to exploit orphans in the cause of science. American ethicist Arthur Caplan, of the University of Pennsylvania says that 60 years ago ethical rules did not exist and experiments were done on minorities, disabled children and prisoners "because you didn't think of them as morally equivalent to others". The most famous example of scientific exploitation in the US took place between 1932 to 1972, when the Federal government allowed poor black men with syphilis to go untreated. It was only in 1974 that the US Congress passed a law requiring informed consent for federally- funded experiments. ~ AP, Aug 5  

    IN BRIEF: UK IVF first ~ Czech embryo research ~ ethical rape Dr Mohamed Taranissi

  • A UK IVF clinic says that it has successfully brought about 10 pregnancies since February with a new embryo screening technique which could eliminate Down's syndrome children and help older women to have successful pregnancies by eliminating defective embryos. Dr Mohamed Taranissi, of the Assisted Gynaecology and Reproduction Centre in London, made the announcement after another clinic claimed in June that it had been the first in the UK to create a baby after aneuploidy screening. ~ Guardian, Aug 6

  • Czech scientists have derived three human embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines from "spare" IVF embryos. The Czech Republic is the first of the Eastern European nations which are about to join the European Union to move into this controversial area. This places more pressure on the EU to decide whether to fund ESC research. ~ Nature, Aug 7

  • Two Scottish academics have described an English woman's use of sperm from her deceased husband to father two sons as "something like" rape. Diane Blood won sympathy and headlines around the world for her legal battle to use her husband's sperm even though he had not consented to the procedure (see ABI, Feb 28). However, Professor Kim Swales and Dr Hugh McLachlan have argued in the journal Human Reproduction and Genetic Ethics that "people should be granted a say in what happens to parts of... their bodies when [they] are used for the production of their biological offspring." ~ Scotland on Sunday, Jul 27  


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    Australasian Bioethics Information
    ISSN 1446-2117
    Website:www.australasianbioethics.org
    Director: Dr Amin Abboud
    Editor: Michael Cook
    New Zealand Associate: Carolyn Moynihan