Tuesday, 14 December 2004 ·  Issue 146

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BioEdge 146: Better off dead than a burden, says Warnock

IN THIS WEEK'S BioEDGE


bullet 
Better off dead than a burden, says Warnock
      Leading bioethicist backs euthanasia
bullet 
US researchers clone monkeys
      Improvement in cloning techniques
bullet 
Lisbon hope for spinal cord victims
      Stem cells from nose help them to walk
bullet 
Chinese achieve "miracle cures" with aborted foetuses
      Lack of ethics becomes "competitive advantage"
bullet 
Nobel laureate criticised for spruiking health supplements
      Failed to disclose financial interest on research paper
bullet 
Israeli Knesset studying euthanasia bill
      Novel suggestions for living wills
bullet 
Scrap fertility agency, says British IVF expert
      Bureaucratic busybody, Lord Winston complains
bullet 
Another alternative to embryonic stem cells?
      but not if you're bald
bullet 
Listen to the voice of religion, says Nature
      ... or at least be polite
bullet 
"Bulletproof" Proposition 71 surprises voters
      Quarantined from legislative meddling
bullet 
IN BRIEF: bioethics; Russia; Florida; New Zealand

  

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The next issue of BioEdge will appear
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Better off dead than a burden, says Warnock

Barones Mary Warnock Britain's best-known bioethicist, Baroness Warnock, has suggested that the elderly should request euthanasia rather than linger on as a burden on their families. In an interview in the London Times, the architect of the UK's fertility laws said that "I know I'm not really allowed to say it, but one of the things that would motivate me [to die] is I couldn't bear hanging on and being such a burden on people. In other contexts sacrificing oneself for one's family would be considered good. I don't see what is so horrible about the motive of not wanting to be an increasing nuisance. If I went into a nursing home it would be a terrible waste of money that my family could use far better."

The views of the 80-year-old Baroness Warnock could sway some MPs as the House of Commons prepares to debate the Mental Capacity Bill, which critics describe as back-door euthanasia. Back in 1993 she sat on a House of Lords committee which backed a complete ban on euthanasia. In recent times she has changed her mind and last year she supported a private member's bill to legalise assisted suicide. She has also admitted that she allowed a GP to hasten the death of her husband, a former Oxford vice-chancellor, after he had been incapacitated by a lung condition in 1995.

In the Times interview, Baroness Warnock also argues that parents who want to keep their children on life-support systems should be charged for it, if doctors do not feel that they will have a healthy life. "Maybe it has come down to saying, 'OK, they can stay alive but the family will have to pay for it.' Otherwise it will be an awful drain on public resources," she said. ~ London Times, Dec 12   

US researchers clone monkeys

Macaque monkey Using a technique developed by the South Korean team which cloned the first human embryos, University of Pittsburgh scientists have cloned macaque monkeys. Although the embryos grew to the blastocyst stage of about 200 cells, the scientists did not manage to obtain embryonic stem cells. In previous attempts the clones died at the 16-cell stage.

The Korean technique involves gently squeezing an egg until the nucleus is squished out. The American team took this one step further and placed genetic material from the skin cell of an unrelated monkey in the enucleated egg -- an advance on the South Korean technique which used a cumulus cell from the surface of the same egg.

This experiment is an index of the gathering speed of cloning. Only a year and a half ago the lead researcher, Dr Gerald Schatten, mused in the journal Science that cloning primates might be impossible because of a fundamental molecular obstacle. He is delighted to have proved himself wrong. ~ Wired, Dec 6   

Lisbon doctor gives hope to spinal cord victims using nasal stem cells

Dr Carlos Lima A British woman paralysed in a riding accident has regained some movement after stem cells from her nose were transplanted into her spine. The operation took place in Portugal under the direction of Dr Carlos Lima, who has used the technique on 34 patients. "All of our patients have some kind of recovery," he says. We have no doubts about sensory recovery and some voluntary motor recovery. They move and feel below the lesions [on the spine] as never before. And there is even some bladder and bowel control."

The technique involves extracting olfactory ensheathing cells from the upper nasal cavity. This area contains the body's only surface neurons and is a source of nerve stem cells. Dr Lima prefers these to embryonic stem cells for ethical and for practical reasons. "Mother Nature made embryonic stem cells to proliferate and adult stem cells to replace and repair. To defy Mother Nature's laws is, at least, dangerous," he says. ~ London Telegraph, Dec 6   

Chinese achieve "miracle cures" with aborted foetuses

Americans suffering from Lou Gehrig's disease are travelling to Beijing to seek treatment with nasal stem cells from aborted foetuses. Dr Huang Hongyun injects cells harvested from foetuses into affected parts of the spine or brain. Amazingly, there is often an instant improvement. Wheelchair-bound patients have stood up and recovered their speech. Unfortunately the miraculous results are often short-lived and patients lapse back into paralysis. Western doctors are familiar with Dr Huang's therapy and describe it as unethical. He uses foetuses aborted under China's notorious one-child policy; his record-keeping and follow-up is poor; and he does not conduct clinical trials. Dr John Kessler, an American neurologist who works on spinal cord injury, says "I have no reason to believe that he is offering anything but snake oil. I am sad and ashamed that people with no hope are being offered faith healers' promises by a medical professional."

The Chinese Government, however, hails Dr Huang as a world-class scientist. According to the London Telegraph, the government encourages its doctors to perform experiments which are banned elsewhere and sees its lax ethical controls as a competitive advantage. Dr Huang dismisses criticism of his work. "We have many aborted foetuses for our operations," he says, "and if we don't use it we throw it away. It is waste." Nor is he concerned about clinical trials. "It is nonsense to say that I should hold up my work to conduct trials. This is surgery, not a drug. It does not need testing; it has a benefit." ~ London Telegraph, Dec 5; npr.org, Dec 10   

Nobel laureate criticised for spruiking health supplements

One of the 1998 winners of the Nobel Prize for Medicine has been criticised for publishing a paper in a leading scientific journal without disclosing that he was endorsing a health supplement sold by Herbalife International in exchange for royalties. Louis Ignarro published an article in the June 8 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences about the positive effects of vitamins C and E and the amino acid arginine, all ingredients in a Herbalife product. His consulting company received at least US$1 million from the product between June 2003 and September 2004, with his signature and Nobel laureate status featuring on each bottle. The journal has decided to issue a correction to Ignarro's article disclosing the conflict of interest. ~ bloomberg.com, Dec 8   

Israeli Knesset studying euthanasia bill

A bill authorising "passive euthanasia" is being studied by the Israeli Knesset. Neurologist Avraham Steinberg, who headed the interdisciplinary committee which studied the proposal, hopes that it will go through the first reading stage before elections. Interest in the bill has been heightened by the recent case of a paralysed and comatose terror attack victim whose parents asked doctors to shut off his respirator. However, the man woke up and asked to live.

The committee has made a number of novel proposals. Terminally ill patients who wish to die could ask for legally-binding "living wills" to be enforced. Respirators could have timers which turn themselves off automatically. A computerised database of living wills could be set up which would have to be renewed every five years. ~ Jerusalem Post, Dec 2   

Scrap fertility agency, says British IVF expert

Outspoken fertility expert Lord Robert Winston has called for the UK's fertility regulator to be scrapped. Upset by interference from the Human Embryology and Fertilisation Authority in requests for pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and saviour siblings, he wants the practice of fertility medicine to be self-regulated. He called the HFEA incompetent and bureaucratic and suggested that it was scaring the public unnecessarily. "It also may be true that public regulatory bodies increase public anxiety because they focus on something, suggesting there may be anxiety when really there isn't any need for it," he told the BBC. Although experts defended the HFEA against Lord Winston's attack, most acknowledged that the 14-year-old organisation needed a good shake-up. ~ BBC, Dec 10; The Scientist, Dec 10; BioNews, Dec 13   

Another alternative to embryonic stem cells?

Stem cells found in hair follicles could provide an ethically non-controversial alternative to embryonic stem cells, say researchers. Writing in the journal Developmental Dynamics, researchers from the Medical College of Wisconsin and the Charles University in Prague say that neural crest cells taken from mice can differentiate into neurons, nerve supporting cells, cartilage and bone cells, smooth muscle cells and pigment cells. Preliminary data suggest that similar cells exist in the human body. ~ John Wiley & Son press release   

Listen to the voice of religion, says Nature

The leading journal Nature has exhorted scientists to be aware that they are trespassing on traditional turf of religion when they complain that religion is invading science. At the heart of the problem, says Nature, quoting the Jewish bioethicist and chairman of the President's Council on Bioethics, Leon Kass, is that "victory over mortality is the unstated but implicit goal of modern medical science". But immortality has always been the domain of religion.

In an accompanying survey of religious views on stem cell research, "today's frontline controversy" in the "fractious relationship between science and religion", Nature cites Pope John Paul II as a key figure in the debate. Some ethicists might argue however, that it misconstrues his description of science and faith as two separate realms, as if they dealt with separate realities. The Pope actually describes them as two ways of knowing the very same reality. This misunderstanding reflects a complaint by a sociologist of religion at the University of California, San Diego, John Evans. He observes that scientists attending bioethics conferences rarely show any knowledge of religion, but "religious people are expected to have spent huge amounts of time learning all the science".

Everyone involved agrees that the topic is an important one, says Nature, because biotechnology is constantly pushing the boundaries of acceptable research. Stem cell research is just the beginning. "The stuff that's coming down the pipe will make this look like child's play," says Kevin FitzGerald, a Jesuit priest with PhDs in molecular genetics and bioethics. "Organic mixed with inorganic, one species mixed with another. Everything from the molecular level on up will be fluid." ~ Nature, Dec 9   

"Bulletproof" Proposition 71 surprises voters

After endorsing a US$3 billion bond issue for stem cell research, California is beginning to realise that the institute coordinating the research will have no outside oversight and has been "bulletproofed" against meddling by politicians. Lawyers crafted the initiative to ensure on-going funding and to protect it from the possibility of a Federal ban on embryo reseach. As a result, the California legislature has no say in how the money will be spent while the governing committee has maximum flexibility in its mission of seeking cures. The legislature cannot modify the law for three years and even then it will need a 70 per cent majority and the governor's approval.

In fact, the institute does not even have to spend the money on stem cell research if it thinks that other avenues will be more fruitful. Its standards for ethical safeguards in research are also different, although the architect of the initiative, Palo Alto property developer Robert Klein, says that it will observe the highest ethical standards. ~ San Francisco Chronicle, Dec 8   

IN BRIEF: bioethics; Russia; florida; New Zealand

Ethics: The American Society for Bioethics is sponsoring a conference on "the ethics of bioethics" next April in Albany. Organisers say that the conference will deal with allegations of undue financial influence on bioethicists and other recent criticisms. ~ press release

Russia: Two Russian teenagers have been sentenced to correctional labour for strangling a severely paralysed 32-year-old woman who had offered them jewellery if they would kill her. One of the girls, 14-year-old Marta Shkermanova, told journalists, "I don't regret anything and I won't repent. I feel that I did a good deed, like helping an old lady across the road." ~ BBC, Dec 7

Florida: A 73-year-old Florida man has died after being withdrawn from a respirator in accordance with a living will he wrote in 1988. The man's wife had a durable power of attorney over his affairs and unsuccessfully fought the hospital to prevent treatment from being withdrawn. The court ruled that living wills must be upheld because otherwise people holding a power of attorney could impose their wishes on the terminally ill. ~ AP, Dec 9

New Zealand: Euthanasia campaigner Lesley Martin has been released from jail after serving only half of a 15-month sentence for the attempted murder of her mother. She said that she did not regret her role in the woman's death and that her time in jail was part of raising awareness for the cause of voluntary euthanasia. ~ BBC, Dec 13  

 

  

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